The ancient Hebrews believed in Sheol, and the ancient Greeks believed in Hades, both were gray places of departed spirits. Both post-mortem locations are characterized as places of shades, shadows, and the absence of vibrant life. Much later the Israelites anticipated the resuscitation of the physical body but the Greeks had also looked forward to the Elysian Fields (or the Isles of the Blessed) as a place of reward for the heroes, sons of the Gods, and those who lived noble lives. In Christianity, Hell is the eternal fate of the damned, while the righteous will enter the blessed state of Heaven.
Beliefs are not "intimations of immortality" (Wordsworth). Intimations are indirect hints or suggestions of a future lying beyond the realm of the physical senses, which cannot be directly experienced. In our day a hint of a post-mortem future comes generally from surgery patients who claim to have seen a bright light at the end of a long dark tunnel, and simultaneously having experienced feelings of peacefulness and reassurance from deceased friends and family who have "passed on." Many such intimations that life continues beyond the grave can be found on the internet and in print media.
Beliefs are not "intimations of immortality" (Wordsworth). Intimations are indirect hints or suggestions of a future lying beyond the realm of the physical senses, which cannot be directly experienced. In our day a hint of a post-mortem future comes generally from surgery patients who claim to have seen a bright light at the end of a long dark tunnel, and simultaneously having experienced feelings of peacefulness and reassurance from deceased friends and family who have "passed on." Many such intimations that life continues beyond the grave can be found on the internet and in print media.
In Hebrew and Hellenistic antiquity there were also intimations of post-mortem survival. For example, Odysseus sailed to Hades, the place of departed spirits, in the Odyssey (Book 11), where the dead were described as "mere shadows flitting to and fro"—not a pleasant prospect, but a "survival" of sorts. On a brighter note there were a number of heavenly journeys, similar to the light at the end of the tunnel (See James Tabor, "Heaven, Ascent to" in Anchor Bible Dictionary, 3.91-94). Paul's trip to Paradise in 2 Corinthians 12:1-4 is the only first-hand reported ascent in the New Testament, but alas Paul told us nothing (2 Cor 12:4).
What strikes me about all of these suggested hints that something lies beyond the grave is that the unknown future is generally described from the perspective of the contemporary cultural and religious experience of the individual bringing the report.
While I am neither a seer nor the son of a seer, I have on two occasions had what I will describe as "intimations of mortality" (my apologies to Wordsworth). The first occurred in the 1970s during a long transatlantic flight. While I was in a semi-conscious state (neither awake nor asleep), a poem called itself forth in my head. That is, it "came to me"; I did not consciously create and craft it.
The land is long and empty;
And we dance through it;
Aging moths
Before flickering candles
Casting no shadows.
I am not sure I understand the poem, and I do not particularly like my interpretation of it. The long narrow land, empty and shrouded in darkness, struck me as an utterly alien place devoid of life. The moths, the only living things in the poem, are insects, which in this instance portray human life as fragile and ephemeral (i.e., "we" in the poem). The fascination of the moths for the open flame and their macabre "dance" bringing them increasingly closer to self-immolation suggests their inevitable demise; the absence of shadow in a land dominated by candles suggests abject nothingness—not even shadows of the moths survive the dance. The poem is dismal evoking a sense of complete hopelessness—I am not normally given to such pessimism, and have always been surprised the poem came out of my head.
The second intimation came on the Greek island of Corfu in 2002:
I awoke from a sound sleep in a clammy sweat, anxious and profoundly disturbed, the sounds of the Ionian Sea faint but distinct beyond the closed shutters of the room. My vaguely remembered dream replaying itself in my mind only increased my agitation. I had dreamed that the fabric of reality suddenly split down the side directly in front of me, and for a few seconds I stared into an empty void beyond. In the second I realized that absolutely nothing lay beyond, I knew my own personal mortality—not intellectually but viscerally (Hedrick, House of Faith or Enchanted Forest. American Popular Belief in an Age of Reason, 60).
I did not at the time consider this dream a supernatural premonition, or a warning from God. Rather I explained it as a wake-up call from my inner biological clock; it was a reasonable inference considering my advancing years.
Both experiences are rather pessimistic hints of a post-mortem future. Considering my religious background, I do not think that I can easily dismiss these experiences as the result of my cultural and religious experience, as I suggested above was the case with the "lights at the end of the tunnel." My cultural and religious experiences, as most of you know, are heavily invested in traditional religious faith, so I should have expected something a bit more optimistic. At the very least, however, these two experiences likely are subconscious indications of my repressed fears of a post-mortem future. I was in control of neither the poem nor the dream, so I must assume each was evoked in some way from within my subconscious.
What should be said about intimations of immortality ("the lights at the end of the tunnel") and intimations of mortality ("the empty void beyond")? Which experience provides a reliable hint of our common but hidden future—if either one? Another question suggests itself: why should my "intimations of mortality" be merely an expression of a repressed subconscious fear, but the more popular "intimations of immortality" be regarded as objective proof of life after death? Why are not both subconscious responses that only tell us about ourselves?
Charles W. Hedrick
Professor Emeritus
Missouri State University
