Saturday, July 5, 2025

Miracles

The modern English word for miracle appears to come directly from the Latin miraculum, a neuter noun. My Latin dictionary defines it as "a marvelous thing, wonder, marvel, miracle." In short, a miracle is something unusual, strange, extraordinary—not something that we are accustomed to seeing or experiencing. The Greek word, thauma, is much the same. It is translated into English as "an object of wonder, or a wonder," and in a special sense, "a portent, miracle."1 In other words, thauma and miraculum are out-of-the-ordinary events, which extraordinarily impresses one or disturbs one (thaumazō), who encounters them.

It seems a little misleading to use the modern English word "miracle" in the definition of the ancient words. In English "miracle" seems to be the go-to word for the marvelous and extraordinary. To tag it onto definitions of Greek and Latin terms is simply odd since the word brings with it certain modern "baggage," which does not seem to be part of the ancient Greek and Latin words.

In today's popular imagination a miracle is routinely thought to be an act of a divine being. At least, that is how Samuel Johnson defined the word in his dictionary of 1755. Miracle is "a wonder; something above human power," and second "[in theology] an effect above human power, performed in attestation of some truth."2 The modern definition of miracle is different. In a recently published dictionary, miracle is "an event or action that apparently contradicts known scientific laws, and is hence thought to be due to supernatural causes, esp. to an act of God."3 The modern definition could only have come about after the Enlightenment of the late 17th and 18th centuries.4 As a species, we seem to be coming around to the idea that there may be natural explanations for events that we previously described as demonstrations of divine power.

Here is a better way to see the problem that I am addressing in this essay. The classical Greek-English Lexicon by Liddell and Scott (9th ed.)5 does not use the word miracle to translate thauma. They translate it as wonder, marvel, astonishment. On the other hand, The Patristic Greek Lexicon by Lampe6 translates it in four ways; wonder with reference to God and his works, trick, admiration, and miracle (miracle has the largest number of citations). These two lexicons cover two different historical periods Liddell/Scott cover the classical Greek period and Lampe covers the Christian and Byzantine periods. In the preface to the 9th edition of Liddell and Scott, Henry Stuart Jones, who revised and augmented the lexicon in 1925 stated in the Preface (p. x): "After due consideration it has been decided to exclude both Patristic and Byzantine literature from the purview of the present edition." That decision paved the way for a Lexicon that covered the Greek of the Patristic and Byzantine periods as a separate lexicon, as was noted in the preface to the Patristic Greek Lexicon (p. iii).

The word thauma is used only twice in the Septuagint (Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible): Job 17:8, 18:20.7 None of them relate to wonders or miracles, but rather they describe expressed wonder, or astonishment. In A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect8 a thauma is simply a wonder or marvel that elicits a response of wonder or amazement from one who beholds it. In the New Testament thauma only appears twice, 2 Cor 11:14 where it is an expression of wonder or marvel and in Rev 17:6, where it refers to the woman mounted on a scarlet beast.

To judge from the lexicons and dictionaries cited above, it appears that the ancient Greco-Roman experience of "wonders," or "marvels," which are defined as the unusual and extraordinary, become "miracles" performed by deities in the Patristic period—a bequest of Christian thought. And after the Enlightenment and the rise of scientific thinking, these extraordinary experiences become events that contradict known natural laws—a gift of critical thought.

What a person means by calling something a miracle is a matter of opinion, and how people today personally define the term "miracle" will determine the century in which they think they are living, the 16th or the 21st. Can one define a miracle both as an act of God and a suspension of natural law? Perhaps. It seems to me, however, that the issue is who or what drives the universe, a Divine Being or Mother Nature?

Charles W. Hedrick
Professor Emeritus
Missouri State University

1Bauer/Danker, Greek-English Dictionary, 444.

2Webster's New World College Dictionary (4th ed.) under miracle.

3https://johnsonsdictionaryonline.com/views/search.php?term=miracle

4The enlightenment is "an eighteenth century philosophical and scientific movement in Europe and America that gave birth to the critical method, the rejection of the hegemony of Christian belief, and the rise of reliance on human reason." Hedrick, House of Faith or Enchanted Forest. American Popular Belief in an Age of Reason (Cascade, 2009), 89.

5Liddell/Scott, Greek-English Lexicon (Oxford, 1940), 785.

6Lampe, A Patristic-Greek Lexicon (Oxford, 1961), 613.

7Hatch/Redpath, Concordance to the Septuagint (3 vols.; Baker, reprint 1983), 626.

8R. J. Cunliffe, Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect (Norman, OK: 1963), 186.

Wednesday, June 18, 2025

Does God Wink?

The ancient writers of the Bible tended to describe God anthropomorphically, meaning they generally described God as having humanoid characteristics (having an appearance or character resembling that of a human). The ancient Greeks and Romans even represented their Gods as humans in statuary, only the statues were much larger than humans, suggesting they conceived their Gods as oversized humans who behaved in a similar human manner. The ancient Israelites were forbidden to make graven images (Lev 26:1), but that apparently did not stop them from conceiving God anthropomorphically.

My brief comment above points out the difficulty of conceiving and describing Gods (if Gods there be). Language fails when it comes to describing God. In the later New Testament postscript, God is spirit (John 4:24), which means God is unseen (John 1:18).1 Although the writer of Exodus may have described Moses as having seen God's backside (Exod 33:17-23), spirits don't have backsides, or even front sides, for that matter.

I was prompted to raise the question posited in my title last week when a checker (a fiftyish attractive lady) at the grocery store winked at this nonagenarian. It has happened before with grocery store checkers, usually accompanied by a term of endearment with which one would address a child, like "sweetie" (a sort of tribute to my advanced age). But in this case, the wink did not seem age-related. I am told there are many reasons one may wink. It is after all a non-verbal act, so the wink's recipient must guess its meaning.

            Here is what I got from Google's AI when I googled winking:

People wink to communicate subtly, expressing things like friendliness, sexual interest, or that they're not being serious. It can also be a way of indicating shared knowledge or a secret. Essentially, winking is a deliberate, subtle signal that can convey various meanings depending on the context.2

There are at least three words in the Bible of which I am aware that translators have rendered into English using the word "wink." In Hebrew, they are qarats (Ps 35:19, Prov 6:13, 10:10) and razzam (Job 15:12). In the New Testament the Greek huperoraō (Acts 17:30), and in the Apocrypha/Deuterocanonical books there is one, the Greek word dianeuō (Sirach 27:22). None of the passages in Hebrew Bible represent God winking, but they all portray winking as a negative act. For example, Sirach 27:22 RSV reads, "He that winks with the eyes works evil…"

To judge from the several English translations on my shelf, only the King James Version of 1611 represents God as winking (Acts 17:30), a translation rejected by the New King James Version of 1982 that reads "overlooked" for huperoraō. The Bauer/Danker Greek-English Lexicon (3rd ed., 2000) recommends as translations for huperoraō: "to indulgently take no notice of, overlook, disregard." It appears that the 1611 King James Version has translated the Greek by rendering huperoraō metaphorically, for "to wink at" is defined in the dictionary as "to pretend not to see, as in connivance"3—or to disregard. The Modern Greek version of Acts 17:30 reads in part: Ho Theos pareblepse to chronia tēs agnoias (God turns a blind eye to the times of their ignorance…"), which is another metaphorical way of saying "winks at" or disregards.4

Does God wink? Well if he has eyes, as some biblical writers seemed to think (Gen 6:3; Deut 11:12; 2 Chron 16:9; Amos 9:8; Heb 4:13), I suppose he could have managed a wink or two. The biblical writers do not chronicle God's activities 24/7.

Describing God as having human feelings and physical characteristics, is surely far off the mark. God (if God there be) is the Indescribable Other, whom "no one has ever seen" (John 1:18). The fact of the matter is that we only know about God from what we read and from what others tell us, or from what we conjecture, which is surely conditioned by information from reading and the testimony of others.

Charles W. Hedrick
Professor Emeritus
Missouri State University

1Hedrick, Unmasking Biblical Faiths, 172-77.

2Compare Wikipedia's statement on winking" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wink

3Webster's New World College Dictionary, under wink.

4A metaphor is describing one thing in terms appropriate for another thing—like describing God in terms appropriate for a human being.